Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Nowell Phelps , Rosie Singleton , Bin Zhou (1, 2) , Rachel Heap (3) , Anu Mishra , James Bennett (4) , Christopher Paciorek , Victor Pf Lhoste , Rodrigo Carrillo-Larco (4) , Gretchen Stevens (4) , Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez (4) , Honor Bixby (4) , James Bentham (5) , Mariachiara Di Cesare (6) , Goodarz Danaei (7) , Archie Rayner , Ana Barradas-Pires , Melanie Cowan (8) , Stefan Savin (8) , Leanne Riley (8) , Carlos Aguilar-Salinas (9) , Jennifer Baker , Amina Barkat , Zulfiqar Bhutta , Francesco Branca (8) , Roberta Caixeta , Sarah Cuschieri (10) , Farshad Farzadfar (11) , Shubash Ganapathy , Nayu Ikeda , Violeta Iotova , Andre Kengne , Young-Ho Khang (12) , Avula Laxmaiah , Hsien-Ho Lin , Jun Ma , Jean Claude N Mbanya , J Jaime Miranda , Rajendra Pradeepa , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo , Maroje Sorić , Maria Turley , Limin Wang , Karen Webster-Kerr , Julie Aarestrup , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari , Ziad Abdeen , Shynar Abdrakhmanova , Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar , Hanan Abdul Rahim , Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova , Niveen Abu-Rmeileh , Jamila Abubakar Garba , Benjamin Acosta-Cazares , Ishag Adam , Marzena Adamczyk , Robert Adams , Seth Adu-Afarwuah , Wichai Aekplakorn , Kaosar Afsana , Shoaib Afzal , Valirie Agbor , Imelda Agdeppa , Javad Aghazadeh-Attari , Åsa Ågren , Hassan Aguenaou , Charles Agyemang , Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad , Noor Ani Ahmad , Ali Ahmadi , Naser Ahmadi , Nastaran Ahmadi , Imran Ahmed , Soheir Ahmed , Wolfgang Ahrens , Gulmira Aitmurzaeva , Kamel Ajlouni , Hazzaa Al-Hazzaa , Halima Al-Hinai , Badreya Al-Lahou , Jawad Al-Lawati , Rajaa Al-Raddadi , Deena Al Asfoor , Huda Al Hourani , Nawal Al Qaoud , Monira Alarouj , Fadia Albuhairan , Shahla Aldhukair , Maryam Aldwairji , Sylvia Alexius , Mohamed Ali , Anna Alieva , Abdullah Alkandari , Ala'A Alkerwi , Buthaina Alkhatib , Kristine Allin , Shaker Alomary , Husam Alomirah , Arwa Alshangiti , Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol , Eman Aly , Deepak Amarapurkar , Pilar Amiano Etxezarreta , John Amoah , Norbert Amougou , Philippe Amouyel , Lars Bo Andersen , Sigmund Anderssen , Odysseas Androutsos , Lars Ängquist , Ranjit Mohan Anjana , Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam , Elena Anufrieva , Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri , Joana Araújo , Inger Ariansen , Tahir Aris , Raphael Arku , Nimmathota Arlappa , Krishna Aryal , Nega Assefa , Thor Aspelund , Felix Assah , Batyrbek Assembekov , Maria Cecília F Assunção , May Soe Aung , Correia Júnior Marco Aurélio de Valois , Juha Auvinen , Mária Avdičová , Shina Avi , Kishwar Azad , Ana Azevedo , Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad , Fereidoun Azizi , Bontha Babu , Flora Bacopoulou , Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen , Azli Baharudin , Suhad Bahijri , Izet Bajramovic , Marta Bakacs , Nagalla Balakrishna , Yulia Balanova , Mohamed Bamoshmoosh , Maciej Banach , José Banegas , Joanna Baran , Rafał Baran , Carlo Barbagallo , Valter Barbosa Filho , Alberto Barceló , Maja Baretić , Joaquin Barnoya , Lena Barrera , Marta Barreto , Aluisio Jd Barros , Mauro Virgílio Gomes Barros , Anna Bartosiewicz , Abdul Basit , Joao Luiz Bastos , Iqbal Bata , Anwar Batieha , Aline Batista , Rosangela Batista , Zhamilya Battakova , Louise Baur , Pascal Bayauli , Robert Beaglehole , Silvia Bel-Serrat , Antonisamy Belavendra , Habiba Ben Romdhane , Theodora Benedek , Judith Benedics , Mikhail Benet , Gilda Estela Benitez Rolandi , Michaela Benzeval , Elling Bere , Nicolas Berger , Ingunn Holden Bergh , Yemane Berhane , Salim Berkinbayev , Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz , Gailute Bernotiene , Ximena Berrios Carrasola , Heloísa Bettiol , Manfred Beutel , Augustin Beybey , Jorge Bezerra , Aroor Bhagyalaxmi , Sumit Bharadwaj , Santosh Bhargava , Hongsheng Bi , Yufang Bi , Daniel Bia , Katia Biasch , Elysée Claude Bika Lele , Mukharram Bikbov , Bihungum Bista , Dusko Bjelica , Anne Bjerregaard , Peter Bjerregaard , Espen Bjertness , Marius Bjertness , Cecilia Björkelund , Katia Bloch , Anneke Blokstra , Moran Blychfeld Magnazu , Simona Bo , Martin Bobak , Lynne Boddy , Bernhard Boehm , Jolanda Ma Boer , Jose Boggia , Elena Bogova , Carlos Boissonnet , Stig Bojesen , Marialaura Bonaccio , Vanina Bongard , Alice Bonilla-Vargas , Matthias Bopp , Herman Borghs , Steve Botomba , Rupert Ra Bourne , Pascal Bovet , Khadichamo Boymatova , Lien Braeckevelt , Lutgart Braeckman , Marjolijn Ce Bragt , Tasanee Braithwaite , Imperia Brajkovich , Juergen Breckenkamp , João Breda , Hermann Brenner , Lizzy Brewster , Garry Brian , Yajaira Briceño , Lacramioara Brinduse , Bettina Bringolf-Isler , Miguel Brito , Sinead Brophy , Johannes Brug , Graziella Bruno , Anna Bugge , Marta Buoncristiano , Genc Burazeri , Con Burns , Antonio Cabrera de León , Joseph Cacciottolo , Hui Cai , Tilema Cama , Christine Cameron , José Camolas , Günay Can , Ana Paula C Cândido , Felicia Cañete , Mario Capanzana , Naděžda Čapková , Eduardo Capuano , Rocco Capuano , Vincenzo Capuano , Marloes Cardol , Viviane Cardoso , Axel Carlsson , Esteban Carmuega , Joana Carvalho , José Casajús , Felipe Casanueva , Maribel Casas , Ertugrul Celikcan , Laura Censi , Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza , Juraci Cesar , Parinya Chamnan , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Angelique Chan , Queenie Chan , Fadi Charchar , Marie-Aline Charles , Himanshu Chaturvedi , Nish Chaturvedi , Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim , Miao Li Chee , Chien-Jen Chen , Fangfang Chen , Huashuai Chen , Long-Sheng Chen , Shuohua Chen , Zhengming Chen , Ching-Yu Cheng , Yiling Cheng , Bahman Cheraghian , Angela Chetrit , Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener , Mai Jm Chinapaw , Anne Chinnock , Arnaud Chiolero , Shu-Ti Chiou , Adela Chirita-Emandi , María-Dolores Chirlaque , Belong Cho , Kaare Christensen , Diego Christofaro , Jerzy Chudek , Renata Cifkova , Michelle Cilia , Eliza Cinteza , Massimo Cirillo , Frank Claessens , Philip Clare , Janine Clarke , Els Clays , Emmanuel Cohen , Cosmin Cojocaru , Sandra Colorado-Yohar , Laura-María Compañ-Gabucio , Hans Concin , Susana Confortin , Cyrus Cooper , Tara Coppinger , Eva Corpeleijn , Lilia Yadira Cortés , Simona Costanzo , Dominique Cottel , Chris Cowell , Cora Craig , Amelia Crampin , Amanda Cross , Ana Crujeiras , Juan Cruz , Tamás Csányi , Semánová Csilla , Alexandra Cucu , Liufu Cui , Felipe Cureau , Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska , Graziella d'Arrigo , Eleonora d'Orsi , Alanna da Silva , Liliana Dacica , Christina Dahm , Jean Dallongeville , Albertino Damasceno , Camilla Damsgaard , Rachel Dankner , Thomas Dantoft , Parasmani Dasgupta , Saeed Dastgiri , Luc Dauchet , Kairat Davletov , Francisco de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos , Maria Alice Altenburg de Assis , Guy de Backer , Dirk de Bacquer , Jaco de Bacquer , Jeroen de Bont , Amalia de Curtis , Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig , Giovanni de Gaetano , Stefaan de Henauw , Pilar de Miguel-Etayo , Jan-Walter de Neve , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , David de Ridder , Karin de Ridder , Susanne de Rooij , Ana Carolina Mgn de Sá , Delphine de Smedt , Mohan Deepa , Alexander Deev , Vincent Jr Degennaro , Hélène Delisle , Francis Delpeuch , Stefaan Demarest , Elaine Dennison , Katarzyna Dereń , Valérie Deschamps , Ruslan Devrishov , Meghnath Dhimal , Augusto Di Castelnuovo , Juvenal Soares Dias-Da-Costa , María Elena Díaz-Sánchez , Alejandro Diaz , Pedro Díaz Fernández , María Pilar Díez Ripollés , Zivka Dika , Shirin Djalalinia , Visnja Djordjic , Ha Tp Do , Annette Dobson , Liria Dominguez , Maria Benedetta Donati , Chiara Donfrancesco , Guanghui Dong , Yanhui Dong , Silvana Donoso , Angela Döring , Maria Dorobantu , Ahmad Reza Dorosty , Marcus Dörr , Kouamelan Doua , Nico Dragano , Wojciech Drygas , Shufa Du , Jia Li Duan , Charmaine Duante , Priscilla Duboz , Vesselka Duleva , Virginija Dulskiene , Samuel Dumith , Anar Dushpanova , Terence Dwyer , Azhar Dyussupova , Vilnis Dzerve , Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk , Narges Ebrahimi , Guadalupe Echeverría , Ricky Eddie , Ebrahim Eftekhar , Vasiliki Efthymiou , Eruke Egbagbe , Robert Eggertsen , Sareh Eghtesad , Gabriele Eiben , Ulf Ekelund , Mohammad El-Khateeb , Laila El Ammari , Jalila El Ati , Denise Eldemire-Shearer , Paul Elliott , Ofem Enang , Ronit Endevelt , Reina Engle-Stone , Rajiv Erasmus , Cihangir Erem , Gul Ergor , Louise Eriksen , Johan Eriksson , Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña , Saeid Eslami , Ali Esmaeili , Alun Evans , Roger Evans , David Faeh , Guy Fagherazzi , Ildar Fakhradiyev , Albina Fakhretdinova , Caroline Fall , Elnaz Faramarzi , Mojtaba Farjam , Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo , Yosef Farzi , Mohammad Reza Fattahi , Asher Fawwad , Wafaie Fawzi , Francisco Felix-Redondo , Trevor Ferguson , Romulo Fernandes , Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Thomas Ferrao , Gerson Ferrari , Marika Ferrari , Marco Ferrario , Catterina Ferreccio , Haroldo Ferreira , Eldridge Ferrer , Jean Ferrieres , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Anna Fijalkowska , Günther Fink , Mauro Fisberg , Krista Fischer , Leng Huat Foo , Maria Forsner , Edward Fottrell , Heba Fouad , Damian Francis , Maria Do Carmo Franco , Zlatko Fras , Brooklyn Fraser , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio Fuchs , Sandra Fuchs , Isti Fujiati , Yuki Fujita , Matsuda Fumihiko , Viktoriya Furdela , Takuro Furusawa , Stefan Adela Gabriela , Zbigniew Gaciong , Mihai Gafencu , Manuel Galán Cuesta , Andrzej Galbarczyk , Sonya Galcheva , Henrike Galenkamp , Daniela Galeone , Myriam Galfo , Fabio Galvano , Jingli Gao , Pei Gao , Manoli Garcia-De-La-Hera , María José García Mérida , Marta García Solano , Dickman Gareta , Sarah Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Anelise Reis Gaya , Andrea Gazzinelli , Ulrike Gehring , Harald Geiger , Johanna Geleijnse , Ronnie George , Eva Gerdts , Ebrahim Ghaderi , Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari , Ali Ghanbari , Erfan Ghasemi , Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea , Alessandro Gialluisi , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Christian Gieger , Tiffany Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Glen Gironella , Aleksander Giwercman , Konstantinos Gkiouras , Natalya Glushkova , Ramesh Godara , Justyna Godos , Sibel Gogen , Marcel Goldberg , David Goltzman , Georgina Gómez , Jesús Humberto Gómez Gómez , Luis Gomez , Santiago Gómez , Aleksandra Gomula , Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva , Helen Gonçalves , Mauer Gonçalves , Ana González-Alvarez , David Gonzalez-Chica , Esther González-Gil , Marcela Gonzalez-Gross , Margot González-Leon , Juan González-Rivas , Clicerio González-Villalpando , María-Elena González-Villalpando , Angel Gonzalez , Frederic Gottrand , Antonio Pedro Graça , Dušan Grafnetter , Aneta Grajda , Maria Grammatikopoulou , Edward Gregg , Ronald Gregor , Maria João Gregório , Else Karin Grøholt , Anders Grøntved , Giuseppe Grosso , Gabriella Gruden , Dongfeng Gu , Viviana Guajardo , Emanuela Gualdi-Russo , Pilar Guallar-Castillón , Andrea Gualtieri , Elias Gudmundsson , Vilmundur Gudnason , Maëlenn Guerchet (13, 14) , Ramiro Guerrero , Idris Guessous , Andre Guimaraes , Unjali Gujral , Martin Gulliford , Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir , Marc Gunter , Xiu-Hua Guo , Yin Guo , Prakash Gupta , Rajeev Gupta , Oye Gureje , Mirjana Gurinović , Enrique Gutiérrez González , Laura Gutierrez , Felix Gutzwiller , Xinyi Gwee , Seongjun Ha , Farzad Hadaegh , Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou , Rosa Haghshenas , Hamid Hakimi , Jytte Halkjær , Ian Hambleton , Behrooz Hamzeh , Willem Hanekom , Dominique Hange , Abu Am Hanif , Sari Hantunen , Jie Hao , Carla Menêses Hardman , Louise Hardy , Rachakulla Hari Kumar , Tina Harmer Lassen , Javad Harooni , Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri , Maria Hassapidou , Jun Hata , Teresa Haugsgjerd , Alison Hayes , Jiang He , Yuan He , Yuna He , Regina Heidinger-Felső , Margit Heier , Mirjam Heinen , Tatjana Hejgaard , Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks , Rafael dos Santos Henrique , Ana Henriques , Leticia Hernandez Cadena , Sauli Herrala , Marianella Herrera-Cuenca , Victor Herrera , Isabelle Herter-Aeberli , Karl-Heinz Herzig , Ramin Heshmat , Barbara Heude , Allan Hill , Sai Yin Ho , Suzanne Ho , Michael Hobbs , Doroteia Höfelmann , Michelle Holdsworth , Reza Homayounfar , Clara Homs , Emiel Hoogendijk , Wilma Hopman , Andrea Rvr Horimoto , Claudia Hormiga , Bernardo Horta , Leila Houti , Christina Howitt , Thein Thein Htay , Aung Soe Htet , Maung Maung Than Htike , Yonghua Hu , José María Huerta , Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi , Laetitia Huiart , Constanta Huidumac Petrescu , Abdullatif Husseini , Chinh Nguyen Huu , Inge Huybrechts , Nahla Hwalla , Jolanda Hyska , Licia Iacoviello , Ellina Iakupova , Jesús Ibarluzea , Mohsen Ibrahim , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong , Jannicke Igland , Chinwuba Ijoma , M Arfan Ikram , Carmen Iñiguez , Vilma Irazola , Takafumi Ishida , Godsent Isiguzo , Muhammad Islam , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam , Duygu Islek , Till Ittermann , Ivaila Ivanova-Pandourska , Masanori Iwasaki , Tuija Jääskeläinen , Rod Jackson , Jeremy Jacobs , Michel Jadoul , Tazeen Jafar , Bakary Jallow , Kenneth James , Kazi Jamil , Konrad Jamrozik , Nataša Jan , Anna Jansson , Imre Janszky , Edward Janus , Juel Jarani , Gerald Jarnig , Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin , Grazyna Jasienska , Ana Jelaković , Bojan Jelaković , Garry Jennings , Chao Qiang Jiang , Ramon Jimenez , Karl-Heinz Jöckel , Michel Joffres , Jari Jokelainen , Jost Jonas , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Lars Jøran Kjerpeseth , Torben Jørgensen , Pradeep Joshi , Rohina Joshi , Josipa Josipović , Farahnaz Joukar , Jacek Jóźwiak , Debra Judge , Anne Juolevi , Gregor Jurak , Iulia Jurca Simina , Vesna Juresa , Rudolf Kaaks , Felix Kaducu , Agnes Kadvan , Anthony Kafatos , Mónika Kaj , Eero Kajantie , Natia Kakutia , Daniela Kállayová , Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Kodanda Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Eva Karaglani , Argyro Karakosta , Line Kårhus , Khem Karki , Omat Karlsson , Adoubi Kassi Anicet , Philippe Katchunga , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli Kazakbaeva , François Kaze , Benson Kazembe , Calvin Ke , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han Cg Kemper , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Arsalan Khaledifar , Davood Khalili , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse Msl Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Sophia Kiechl , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny Kindblom , Andrew Kingston , Heidi Klakk , Suntara Klanarong , Jana Klanova , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Susanne Kobel , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Sanda Kolo , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , Jelena Kos , Seppo Koskinen , Katsuyasu Kouda , Malik Koussoh Simone , Éva Kovács , Viktoria Anna Kovacs , Irina Kovalskys , Sudhir Kowlessur , Slawomir Koziel , Jana Kratenova , Wolfgang Kratzer , Vilma Kriaucioniene , Susi Kriemler , Peter Lund Kristensen , Helena Krizan , Maria Kroker-Lobos , Steinar Krokstad , Daan Kromhout , Herculina Kruger , Ruan Kruger , Łukasz Kryst , Ruzena Kubinova , Renata Kuciene , Urho Kujala , Enisa Kujundzic , Zbigniew Kulaga , Mukhtar Kulimbet , Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan , R Krishna Kumar , Meena Kumari , Marie Kunešová , Pawel Kurjata , Yadlapalli Kusuma , Vladimir Kutsenko , Kari Kuulasmaa , Catherine Kyobutungi , Quang Ngoc La , Fatima Zahra Laamiri , Tiina Laatikainen , Demetre Labadarios , Carl Lachat , Karl Lackner , Daphne Lai , Youcef Laid , Lachmie Lall , Tai Hing Lam , Maritza Landaeta Jimenez , Edwige Landais , Tiina Lankila , Vera Lanska , Georg Lappas , Bagher Larijani , Simo Pone Larissa , Mina Lateva , Tint Swe Latt , Martino Laurenzi , Laura Lauria , Maria Lazo-Porras , Gwenaëlle Le Coroller , Khanh Le Nguyen Bao , Agnès Le Port , Tuyen Le , Jeannette Lee , Jeonghee Lee , Paul Lee , Terho Lehtimäki , Daniel Lemogoum , Elvynna Leong , Branimir Leskošek , Justyna Leszczak , Katja Leth-Møller , Gabriel Leung , Naomi Levitt , Yanping Li , Merike Liivak , Christa Lilly , Charlie Lim , Wei-Yen Lim , M Fernanda Lima-Costa , Xu Lin , Lars Lind , Vijaya Lingam , Birgit Linkohr , Allan Linneberg , Lauren Lissner , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Jing Liu , Lijuan Liu , Liping Liu , Xiaotian Liu , Wei-Cheng Lo , Helle-Mai Loit , Khuong Quynh Long , Guadalupe Longo Abril , Luis Lopes , Marcus Ss Lopes , Oscar Lopes , Esther Lopez-Garcia , Tania Lopez , Paulo Lotufo , José Eugenio Lozano , Janice Lukrafka , Dalia Luksiene , Annamari Lundqvist , Nuno Lunet , Charles Lunogelo , Michala Lustigová , Edyta Łuszczki , Jean-René M'Buyamba-Kabangu , Guansheng Ma , Xu Ma , George Ll Machado-Coelho , Aristides Machado-Rodrigues , Enguerran Macia , Luisa Macieira , Ahmed Madar , Sherilynn Madraisau , Anja Madsen , Gladys Maestre , Stefania Maggi , Dianna Magliano , Sara Magnacca , Emmanuella Magriplis , Gowri Mahasampath , Bernard Maire , Marjeta Majer , Marcia Makdisse , Päivi Mäki , Mohammad-Reza Malekpour , Fatemeh Malekzadeh , Reza Malekzadeh , Rahul Malhotra , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Deborah Malta , Sofia Malyutina , Lynell Maniego , Yannis Manios , Jim Mann , Masimango Imani Mannix , Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei , Taru Manyanga , Enzo Manzato , Mala Ali Mapatano , Anie Marcil , Paula Margozzini , Rosu Maria-Magdalena , Joany Mariño , Anastasia Markaki , Oonagh Markey , Eliza Markidou Ioannidou , Pedro Marques-Vidal , Larissa Pruner Marques , Jaume Marrugat , Yves Martin-Prevel , Rosemarie Martin , Reynaldo Martorell , Eva Martos , Fatai Maruf , Katharina Maruszczak , Stefano Marventano , Giovanna Masala , Luis Mascarenhas , Masoud Masinaei , Shariq Masoodi , Ellisiv Mathiesen , Prashant Mathur , Alicia Matijasevich , Piotr Matłosz , Tandi Matsha , Victor Matsudo , Giletta Matteo , Pallab Maulik , Christina Mavrogianni , Artur Mazur , Shelly Mcfarlane , Stephen Mcgarvey , Martin Mckee , Rachael Mclean , Scott Mclean , Margaret Mcnairy , Breige Mcnulty , Sounnia Mediene Benchekor , Jurate Medzioniene , Kirsten Mehlig , Amir Houshang Mehrparvar , Aline Meirhaeghe , Jørgen Meisfjord , Christa Meisinger , Jesus Melgarejo , Marina Melkumova , Júlio Mello , Fabián Méndez , Carlos Mendivil , Ana Maria B Menezes , Geetha Menon , Gert Bm Mensink , Maria Teresa Menzano , Indrapal Meshram , Diane Meto , Haakon Meyer , Jie Mi , Kim Michaelsen , Nathalie Michels , Kairit Mikkel , Karolina Miłkowska , Jody Miller , Olga Milushkina , Cláudia Minderico , Gk Mini , Juan Francisco Miquel , Mohammad Reza Mirjalili , Daphne Mirkopoulou , Erkin Mirrakhimov , Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković , Antonio Mistretta , Veronica Mocanu , Pietro Modesti , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam , Shukri Mohamed , Kazem Mohammad , Mohammad Reza Mohammadi , Zahra Mohammadi , Noushin Mohammadifard , Reza Mohammadpourhodki , Viswanathan Mohan , Salim Mohanna , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Iraj Mohebbi , Marie Moitry , Line Møllehave , Niels Møller , Dénes Molnár , Amirabbas Momenan , Charles Mondo , Michele Monroy-Valle , Roger Montenegro Mendoza , Eric Monterrubio-Flores , Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki , Jin Soo Moon , Mahmood Moosazadeh , Hermine Mopa , Farhad Moradpour , Leila Moreira , Alain Morejon , Luis Moreno , Francis Morey , Karen Morgan , Suzanne Morin , Erik Lykke Mortensen , George Moschonis , Alireza Moslem , Mildrey Mosquera , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Aya Mostafa , Seyed-Ali Mostafavi , Anabela Mota-Pinto , Jorge Mota , Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh , Jorge Motta , Marcos André Moura-Dos-Santos , Yeva Movsesyan , Malay Mridha , Kelias Msyamboza , Thet Thet Mu , Magdalena Muc , Florian Muca , Boban Mugoša , Maria Muiesan , Martina Müller-Nurasyid , Thomas Münzel , Jaakko Mursu , Elaine Murtagh , Kamarul Imran Musa , Sanja Musić Milanović , Vera Musil , Geofrey Musinguzi , Muel Telo Muyer , Iraj Nabipour , Gabriele Nagel , Farid Najafi , Harunobu Nakamura , Hanna Nalecz , Jana Námešná , Ei Ei K Nang , Vinay Nangia , Martin Nankap , Sameer Narake , Km Venkat Narayan , Paola Nardone , Take Naseri , Michels Nathalie , William Neal , Nareemarn Neelapaichit , Azim Nejatizadeh , Chandini Nekkantti , Keiu Nelis , Ilona Nenko , Martin Neovius , Flavio Nervi , Tze Pin Ng , Chung Nguyen , Nguyen Nguyen , Quang Ngoc Nguyen , Michael Ni , Rodica Nicolescu , Peng Nie , Ramfis Nieto-Martínez , Yury Nikitin , Guang Ning , Toshiharu Ninomiya , Nobuo Nishi , Sania Nishtar , Marianna Noale , Oscar Noboa , Helena Nogueira , Maria Nordendahl , Børge Nordestgaard , Kevin Norton , Davide Noto , Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska , Mohannad Al Nsour , Irfan Nuhoğlu , Baltazar Nunes , Eha Nurk , Fred Nuwaha , Moffat Nyirenda , Terence O'Neill , Dermot O'Reilly , Galina Obreja , Caleb Ochimana , Angélica Ochoa-Avilés , Eiji Oda , Augustine Odili , Kyungwon Oh , Kumiko Ohara , Claes Ohlsson , Ryutaro Ohtsuka , Örn Olafsson , Brian Oldenburg , Maria Teresa A Olinto , Isabel Oliveira , Mohd Azahadi Omar , Saeed Omar , Altan Onat , Sok King Ong , N Charlotte Onland-Moret , Lariane Ono , Obinna Onodugo , Pedro Ordunez , Rui Ornelas , Ana Ortiz , Pedro Ortiz , Merete Osler , Clive Osmond , Sergej Ostojic , Afshin Ostovar , Johanna Otero , Charlotte Ottendahl , Akaninyene Otu , Kim Overvad , Ellis Owusu-Dabo , Adetoyeje Oyeyemi , Adewale Oyeyemi , Fred Michel Paccaud , Cristina Padez , Ioannis Pagkalos , Elena Pahomova , Karina Mary de Paiva , Andrzej Pająk , Natalja Pajula , Alberto Palloni , Luigi Palmieri , Wen-Harn Pan , Songhomitra Panda-Jonas , Arvind Pandey , Zengchang Pang , Francesco Panza , Mariela Paoli , Sousana Papadopoulou , Dimitrios Papandreou , Rossina Pareja , Soon-Woo Park , Suyeon Park , Winsome Parnell , Mahboubeh Parsaeian , Ionela Pascanu , Patrick Pasquet , Nikhil Patel , Marcos Pattussi , Halyna Pavlyshyn , Raimund Pechlaner , Ivan Pećin , Mangesh Pednekar , João Pedro , Nasheeta Peer , Sergio Viana Peixoto , Markku Peltonen , Alexandre Pereira , Marco Peres , Agustín Perez-Londoño , Cynthia Pérez , Valentina Peterkova , Annette Peters , Janina Petkeviciene , Ausra Petrauskiene , Olga Petrovna Kovtun , Emanuela Pettenuzzo , Niloofar Peykari , Norbert Pfeiffer , Modou Cheyassin Phall , Son Thai Pham , Felix Phiri , Rafael Pichardo , Daniela Pierannunzio , Preux Pierre-Marie (13) , Iris Pigeot , Hynek Pikhart , Aida Pilav , Pavel Piler , Lorenza Pilotto , Francesco Pistelli , Freda Pitakaka , Aleksandra Piwonska , Andreia Pizarro , Pedro Plans-Rubió , Alina Platonova , Bee Koon Poh , Hermann Pohlabeln , Nadija Polka , Raluca Pop , Barry Popkin , Stevo Popovic , Miquel Porta , Georg Posch , Anil Poudyal , Dimitrios Poulimeneas , Hamed Pouraram , Farhad Pourfarzi , Akram Pourshams , Hossein Poustchi , Alison Price , Jacqueline Price , Antonio Prista , Rui Providencia , Jardena Puder , Iveta Pudule , Solie Puhakka , Maria Puiu , Margus Punab , Muhammed Qadir , Radwan Qasrawi , Qing Qiao , Mostafa Qorbani , Hedley Quintana , Pedro Quiroga-Padilla , Tran Quoc Bao , Stefan Rach , Ivana Radic , Ricardas Radisauskas , Salar Rahimikazerooni , Mahfuzar Rahman , Mahmudur Rahman , Olli Raitakari , Manu Raj , Tamerlan Rajabov , Sherali Rakhmatulloev , Ivo Rakovac , Sudha Ramachandra Rao , Ambady Ramachandran , Otim Pc Ramadan , Virgílio Ramires , Manuel Ramirez-Zea , Jacqueline Ramke , Elisabete Ramos , Rafel Ramos , Lekhraj Rampal , Sanjay Rampal , Sheena Ramsay , Lalka Rangelova , Vayia Rarra , Ramon Rascon-Pacheco , Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi , Cassiano Ricardo Rech , Josep Redon , Paul Ferdinand M Reganit , Valéria Regecová , Jane Dp Renner , Judit Repasy , Cézane Reuter , Luis Revilla , Andrew Reynolds , Negar Rezaei , Abbas Rezaianzadeh , Yeunsook Rho , Lourdes Ribas-Barba , Robespierre Ribeiro , Elio Riboli , Fernando Rigo , Attilio Rigotti , Natascia Rinaldo , Tobias Rinke de Wit , Ulf Risérus , Ana Rito , Raphael Ritti-Dias , Juan Rivera , Reina Roa , Louise Robinson , Romana Roccaldo , Daniela Rodrigues , María del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez , Laura Rodríguez-Villamizar , Andrea Rodríguez , Ulla Roggenbuck , Peter Rohloff , Fabian Rohner , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Nipa Rojroongwasinkul , Dora Romaguera , Elisabetta Romeo , Rafaela Rosario , Annika Rosengren , Ian Rouse , Vanessa Rouzier , Joel Gr Roy , Maira Ruano , Adolfo Rubinstein , Frank Rühli , Jean-Bernard Ruidavets , Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt , Maria Ruiz-Castell , Emma Ruiz Moreno , Iuliia Rusakova , Wojciech Rusek , Kenisha Russell Jonsson , Paola Russo , Petra Rust , Marcin Rutkowski , Marge Saamel , Crizian Saar , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Hamideh Sabbaghi , Elena Sacchini , Harshpal Sachdev , Alireza Sadjadi , Ali Reza Safarpour , Sare Safi , Saeid Safiri , Mohammad Hossien Saghi , Olfa Saidi , Calogero Saieva , Satoko Sakata , Nader Saki , Sanja Šalaj , Benoit Salanave , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Akkumis Salhanova , Diego Salmerón , Veikko Salomaa , Jukka Salonen , Massimo Salvetti , Margarita Samoutian , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Inés Sánchez Rodríguez , Susana Sans , Loreto Santa-Marina , Ethel Santacruz , Diana Santos , Ina Santos , Lèlita Santos , Maria Paula Santos , Osvaldo Santos , Rute Santos , Tamara Santos , Jouko Saramies , Luis Sardinha , Nizal Sarrafzadegan , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , Kai-Uwe Saum , Savvas Savva , Mathilde Savy , Norie Sawada , Mariana Sbaraini , Marcia Scazufca , Beatriz Schaan , Angelika Schaffrath Rosario , Herman Schargrodsky , Anja Schienkiewitz , Karin Schindler , Sabine Schipf , Börge Schmidt , Carsten Schmidt , Ida Maria Schmidt , Andrea Schneider , Peter Schnohr , Ben Schöttker , Sara Schramm , Stine Schramm , Helmut Schröder , Constance Schultsz , Gry Schultz , Matthias Schulze , Aletta Schutte , Sylvain Sebert , Moslem Sedaghattalab , Rusidah Selamat , Vedrana Sember , Abhijit Sen , Idowu Senbanjo , Sadaf Sepanlou , Guillermo Sequera , Luis Serra-Majem , Jennifer Servais , Ľudmila Ševčíková , Ronel Sewpaul , Svetlana Shalnova , Teresa Shamah-Levy , Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran , Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani , Maryam Sharafkhah , Sanjib Sharma , Almaz Sharman , Jonathan Shaw , Amaneh Shayanrad , Ali Akbar Shayesteh , Lela Shengelia , Zumin Shi , Kenji Shibuya , Hana Shimizu-Furusawa , Tal Shimony , Rahman Shiri , Namuna Shrestha , Khairil Si-Ramlee , Alfonso Siani , Rosalynn Siantar , Abla Sibai , Labros Sidossis , Natalia Silitrari , Antonio Silva , Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva , Diego Augusto Santos Silva , Kelly Samara Silva , Xueling Sim , Mary Simon , Judith Simons , Leon Simons , Agneta Sjöberg , Michael Sjöström , Elena Skoblina , Natalia Skoblina , Tatyana Slazhnyova , Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer , Przemysław Slusarczyk , Liam Smeeth , Hung-Kwan So , Fernanda Cunha Soares , Grzegorz Sobek , Eugène Sobngwi , Morten Sodemann , Stefan Söderberg , Moesijanti Ye Soekatri , Agustinus Soemantri , Reecha Sofat , Vincenzo Solfrizzi , Yuliya Solovieva , Mohammad Hossein Somi , Emily Sonestedt , Yi Song , Sajid Soofi , Thorkild Ia Sørensen , Elin Sørgjerd , Charles Sossa Jérome , Victoria Soto-Rojas , Aïcha Soumaré , Alfonso Sousa-Poza , Slavica Sovic , Bente Sparboe-Nilsen , Karen Sparrenberger , Phoebe Spencer , Angela Spinelli , Igor Spiroski , Jan Staessen , Hanspeter Stamm , Andreas Stang , Gregor Starc , Kaspar Staub , Bill Stavreski , Jostein Steene-Johannessen , Peter Stehle , Aryeh Stein , Silje Steinsbekk , George Stergiou , Jochanan Stessman , Ranko Stevanović , Jutta Stieber , Doris Stöckl , Jakub Stokwiszewski , Ekaterina Stoyanova , Gareth Stratton , Karien Stronks , Maria Wany Strufaldi , Lela Sturua , Ramón Suárez-Medina , Milton Suarez-Ortegón , Phalakorn Suebsamran , Mindy Sugiyama , Machi Suka , Gerhard Sulo , Chien-An Sun , Liang Sun , Malin Sund , Johan Sundström , Yn-Tz Sung , Jordi Sunyer , Paibul Suriyawongpaisal , Nabil William G Sweis , Boyd Swinburn , Rody Sy , René Charles Sylva , Lucjan Szponar , Lorraine Tabone , E Shyong Tai , Furusawa Takuro , Konstantinos Tambalis , Mari-Liis Tammesoo , Abdonas Tamosiunas , Eng Joo Tan , Xun Tang , Maya Tanrygulyyeva , Frank Tanser , Yong Tao , Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh , Jakob Tarp , Carolina Tarqui-Mamani , Radka Taxová Braunerová , Anne Taylor , Julie Taylor , Félicité Tchibindat , Saskia Te Velde , William Tebar , Grethe Tell , Tania Tello , Masresha Tessema , Yih Chung Tham , Kr Thankappan , Holger Theobald , Xenophon Theodoridis , Nihal Thomas , Barbara Thorand , Amanda Thrift , Ľubica Tichá , Erik Timmermans , Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini , Anne Tjonneland , Hanna Tolonen , Janne Tolstrup , Maciej Tomaszewski , Murat Topbas , Roman Topór-Mądry , Liv Elin Torheim , Michael Tornaritis , Maties Torrent , Laura Torres-Collado , Stefania Toselli , Giota Touloumi , Pierre Traissac , Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran , Mark Tremblay , Areti Triantafyllou , Dimitrios Trichopoulos , Antonia Trichopoulou , Oanh Th Trinh , Atul Trivedi , Lechaba Tshepo , Maria Tsigga , Panagiotis Tsintavis , Shoichiro Tsugane , John Tuitele , Azaliia Tuliakova , Marshall Tulloch-Reid , Fikru Tullu , Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen , Jaakko Tuomilehto , Gilad Twig , Per Tynelius , Evangelia Tzala , Themistoklis Tzotzas , Christophe Tzourio , Nwannedimma Udoji , Peter Ueda , Eunice Ugel , Flora Am Ukoli , Hanno Ulmer , Belgin Unal , Zhamyila Usupova , Hannu Mt Uusitalo , Nalan Uysal , Justina Vaitkeviciute , Gonzalo Valdivia , Susana Vale , Damaskini Valvi , Rob van Dam , Bert-Jan van den Born , Johan van der Heyden , Yvonne van der Schouw , Koen van Herck , Wendy van Lippevelde , Hoang van Minh , Natasja van Schoor , Irene Gm van Valkengoed , Dirk Vanderschueren , Diego Vanuzzo , Anette Varbo , Gregorio Varela-Moreiras , Luz Nayibe Vargas , Patricia Varona-Pérez , Senthil Vasan , Daniel Vasques , Radu Vatasescu , Tomas Vega , Toomas Veidebaum , Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez , Biruta Velika , Maïté Verloigne , Giovanni Veronesi , Wm Monique Verschuren , Cesar Victora , Giovanni Viegi , Lucie Viet , Frøydis Vik , Monica Vilar , Salvador Villalpando , Jesus Vioque , Napaphan Viriyautsahakul , Jyrki Virtanen , Marjolein Visser , Sophie Visvikis-Siest , Bharathi Viswanathan , Mihaela Vladulescu , Tiina Vlasoff , Dorja Vocanec , Peter Vollenweider , Henry Völzke , Georgia Vourli , Ari Voutilainen , Martine Vrijheid , Tanja Gm Vrijkotte , Silvije Vuletić , Alisha Wade , Thomas Waldhör , Janette Walton , Elvis Oa Wambiya , Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar , Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud , Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior , Chongjian Wang , Huijun Wang , Ming-Dong Wang , Ningli Wang , Qian Wang , Xiangjun Wang , Ya Xing Wang , Ying-Wei Wang , S Goya Wannamethee , Nicholas Wareham , Olivia Wartha , Adelheid Weber , Niels Wedderkopp , Daniel Weghuber , Wenbin Wei , Aneta Weres , Bo Werner , Leo Westbury , Peter Whincup , Lars Wichstrøm , Kremlin Wickramasinghe , Kurt Widhalm , Indah Widyahening , Andrzej Więcek , Philipp Wild , Rainford Wilks , Johann Willeit , Peter Willeit , Julianne Williams , Tom Wilsgaard , James Wirth , Bogdan Wojtyniak , Meseret Woldeyohannes , Kathrin Wolf , Roy Wong-Mcclure , Andrew Wong , Emily Wong , Jyh Eiin Wong , Tien Yin Wong , Jean Woo , Mark Woodward , Frederick Wu , Hon-Yen Wu , Jianfeng Wu , Li Juan Wu , Shouling Wu , Justyna Wyszyńska , Haiquan Xu , Liang Xu , Nor Azwany Yaacob , Uruwan Yamborisut , Li Yan , Weili Yan , Ling Yang , Xiaoguang Yang , Yang Yang , Nazan Yardim , Tabara Yasuharu , Martha Yépez García , Panayiotis Yiallouros , Agneta Yngve , Moein Yoosefi , Akihiro Yoshihara , Yoto Yotov , Qi Sheng You , San-Lin You , Novie Younger-Coleman , Yu-Ling Yu , Yunjiang Yu , Safiah Md Yusof , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Luciana Zaccagni , Vassilis Zafiropulos , Ahmad Zainuddin , Seyed Rasoul Zakavi , Farhad Zamani , Sabina Zambon , Antonis Zampelas , Hana Zamrazilová , Maria Elisa Zapata , Abdul Hamid Zargar , Ko Ko Zaw , Ayman Zayed , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Magdalena Żegleń , Kristyna Zejglicova , Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic , Yi Zeng , Andrea Zentai , Bing Zhang , Luxia Zhang , Zhen-Yu Zhang , Dong Zhao , Ming-Hui Zhao , Wenhua Zhao , Yanitsa Zhecheva , Shiqi Zhen , Wei Zheng , Yingfeng Zheng , Bekbolat Zholdin , Maigeng Zhou , Dan Zhu , Paul Zimmet , Marie Zins , Emanuel Zitt , Yanina Zocalo , Nada Zoghlami , Julio Zuñiga Cisneros , Monika Zuziak , Majid Ezzati

1 UCAS - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing]
2 Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology [Shanghai, China]
3 University of Newcastle
4 Imperial College London
5 University of Kent [Canterbury]
6 Middlesex University [London]
7 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
8 OMS / WHO - Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office
9 EAS - European Atherosclerosis Society [Göteborg, Sweden]
10 University of Malta [Malta]
11 TUMS - Tehran University of Medical Sciences
12 SNU - Seoul National University [Seoul]
13 EpiMaCT - Epidémiologie des Maladies Chroniques en zone tropicale
14 LEMACEN - Laboratory of Chronic and Neurological Diseases Epidemiology

Summary Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of di�erent BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m²) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m²). For school- aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.

Domaines: Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]; Santé publique et épidémiologie

Nowell Phelps, Rosie Singleton, Bin Zhou, Rachel Heap, Anu Mishra, et al.. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 2024, 403 (10431), pp.1027-1050. ⟨10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2⟩. ⟨hal-04540542⟩