Modern Mamluks and Arab counter-revolution
Résumé
The democratic uprising that shook the Arab world in the winter of 2011 should not be caricatured as a seasonal "spring", to be followed by an inevitable "autumn", whether Islamist or authoritarian. It should rather be studied against the backdrop of a two-centuries long history, the history of the Arab Renaissance, or Nahda, which according to Arab historians began with the French expedition into Egypt in 1798-99...