. Lipset, , p.234, 1981.

C. Lipset, , 1991.

B. Lazarsfeld and . Gaudet, , 1944.

B. Lazarsfeld and . Gaudet, The socioeconomic status was identified by the interviewer who placed the people interviewed on a scale of 1-5, using a synthetic indicator narrowly correlated to the professional sector, level of education and the feeling of belonging to a particular class, pp.17-21, 1944.

, Opposition between Republicans and Democrats was essentially built around the issues of slavery and the Civil War, although a class dimension was also present

R. Lipset, , 1967.

A. , , 1963.

S. Butler, Michelat and Simon, 1977. 10. Interviews with workers who declared they had no religion, carried out in 1966 11, 1969.

, Rose, 1974. 13. The term comes from the Netherlands, from 14. verzuiling: pillar. Society is segmented vertically into communities (religious, ideological, linguistic, ethnic, etc.) which rely on an associative network (schools, unions, sports clubs, cultural associations, etc.). These associations and clubs take the individual in hand from birth to death and shape his/her relationship to the world and to politics, The indicator is the following: "Do you feel you belong to a social class? If yes, 12. which one? (free answers, pp.50-56, 1967.

. Pedersen-;-goldthorpe, Crewe and Denver, vol.16, 1969.

. Habert, Franklin et al., 1992. 22. Kitschelt and McGann, 1995. 23. Dunleavy and Husbands, 1985. 24. Grunberg and Schweisguth, 1983. 25. Inglehart, 1990. 26. Bartolini and Mair, vol.21, 1986.

J. Heath and C. ;. Heath, Cautrès and Heath, 1996. 28. Goldthorpe and Erikson, 1985.

M. Hout and B. , , 1995.

, The "professionals" category includes self-employed people such as doctors and 31. lawyers, etc. Evans, 1999.