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, Traditionally, doctoral students in the humanities and social sciences work at home because they are not hosted by their labs

, That is, before social security tax and before income tax

, For those who do not succeed or do not apply for the aggregation, it is possible to apply to specific professor positions opened by the ministry, if one has a seniority of at least ten years as a maître de conférences. Nevertheless, very few of these positions open each year, and those who get them are always regarded as "second-class professors

, Unless other sources are cited, the figures in this section are based on the statistics of the ministry

, This is called a position transformation, but it rarely happens

, But only a fraction of those who recently obtained their PhD have this opportunity. Many have to work as post-docs, and the longer they have been post-docs, the lower their chance of ultimately getting hired

, With the development of project-based research, permanent staff can rarely conduct all the research work themselves and post-docs are recruited by project managers using grant money. There is also the development of post-doc positions such as the EU Marie Curie programs, or regions or municipalities fund positions on a selective basis