E. Mark, M. P. Redden, . Hughes, J. Flournoy, and . Davidson, Obama's New Global Posture. The Logic of US Foreign Deployments, Foreign Affairs, vol.91, issue.3 4, p.55, 2012.

B. Posen, La maîtrise des espaces: fondement de l'hégémonie des Etats-Unis Original English edition Command of the Commons. The Military Foundation of US hegemony, International Security, vol.1, issue.28 1, pp.42-43, 2003.

M. Flournoy and S. Brimley, http://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/story.asp?STORY_ID_1950 43 Thomas Rid The Great Cyberscare 44 The daily paper Huanqiu Shibao, under the control of China's Communist Party, provides the source for these declarations, Proceedings Foreign Policy, vol.135, issue.45, 2009.

S. Jasper, Security Freedom in the Global Commons, 2010.

S. Brimley, A Grand Strategy of Sustainment, Small Wars Journal Blog, p.51, 2008.

G. Stephen, G. J. Brooks, W. C. Ikenberry, and . Wohlforth, Lean Forward: In Defense of American Engagement, Foreign Affairs, p.52, 2013.

. See, 53 On this point, see Corine Lesnes La politique étrangère de Barack Obama: la tentation du repli, pp.98-99, 2013.

W. J. Lynn, et s. 55 US Department of Defense, Defense Strategic Guidance: Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense Among the ten key tasks identified, two concern the global commons issue: 3. Force projection despite anti-access 5. The necessity of carrying out efficient operations in cyberspace and the atmosphere. The document formalises the " pivot " concept, a term coined by Hillary Clinton in 2010 in freedom of movement online, 54 On the realist qualification of Obama's foreign policy Speech on Cyber Security at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp.118-129, 2012.

A. Denmark, O. Cit, N. See-bastien-irondelle, and N. Lachman, 74 On the issue of change within L'Otan est-elle encore l'Otan? 75 No threat other than that represented by terrorism is clearly identified, réserve et l'attente, pp.170-67, 2001.

M. Omelicheva, Russian Foreign Policy: A Quest for Great Power Status in a Multipolar World, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, p.103, 2013.

B. Krebs, J. Holeindre, and G. Murat, Security Fix07/lithuania_weathers_cyber_attac_1.h tml 118 On this point, see Richard Weitz, op. Cit., p. 284. framework for defence and security policies. It is as if inscribed in the genetic code of the United States as a power on the international stage The global commons concept provides ample room for the development of this idea, Lithuania Weathers Cyber Attack La démocratie américaine et la guerre à la terreur, pp.116-117, 2001.

D. B. Barry-posen and . Bobrow, For works regarding hegemony, see G John Ikenberry, Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American World Order Carla Norrlof, America's Global Advantage : U.S. Hegemony and International Cooperation Follies of Power : America's Unipolar Fantasy Hegemony Constrained : Evasion, Modification, and Resistance to American Foreign Policy, relation to the preservation of the United States' pre-eminence on the international stage as a key objective of the grand strategy of the administrations that followed the end of the Cold War, see Charles-Philippe David Théories de la politique étrangère américaine, 2008.

J. Lefebvre, Stratégie spatiale. Penser la guerre des étoiles: une vision française, p.368, 2011.

. Ibid, We might consider such a description to reflect the radicalisation of the new nomos de la terre identified by Carl Schmitt See in particular Carl Schmitt Terre et mer. Eléments de politique mondiale. the bureaucratic enlistment practised by the Pentagon, and in particular by the military, as it contributes to stripping civilians of their part in the decisionmaking process. See Amitaï Etzioni Who Authorized Preparations for War with China, Yale Journal of International Affairs, pp.111-148, 2013.

A. Etzioni, Accommodating China, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Survival, vol.55, issue.2, p.46, 2013.

A. M. Denmark, Forging a New Type of Great Power Relations in the Global Commons American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, p.pp, 2013.

L. See and . Yan, See also Zhiqun Zhu Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China, pp.27-133

C. Brown, Rules and norms in post-western world, On rules, politics and knowledge: Friedrich Kratochwil, international relations, and domestic affairs

N. York, U. , and P. Macmillan, Available on the London School of Economics website, p.8, 2010.

P. Hassner,-"-l-'avenir-de-la-guerre, Entre la bombe humaine et le drone », Histoire, Hors-Série, novembredécembre 2012, p.77

. Rousseau, It can come from an ostentation rationale (which corresponds to self-esteem) that is found in an excessive tendancy for patriotism fuelled by fanatism, and the idea of protecting against a threat (which is the result of a love of the self) On this point, see Florent Guénard The Tragedy of the Commons, Puissance et amour de soi. La théorie de la guerre dans la pensée de Rousseau Principes du droit de la guerre. Ecrits sur la paix perpétuelle, textes et commentaires, pp.162-1243, 1968.

?. Hassner and P. , Postface, Presses de Sciences po, pp.465-479, 2013.

?. Hassner and P. , L'avenir de la guerre Entre la bombe humaine et le drone, Histoire, Hors-Série, vol.1, pp.122-125

?. Henrotin and J. , Géostratégie et vision de la mer dans les conflits terrestres. L'interfaçage entre le lisse et le strié, Etudes marines, pp.168-176, 2003.

?. Hoffmann and F. , Forward Partnership: A Sustainable American Strategy, Orbis, vol.57, issue.1, pp.20-40, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.orbis.2012.10.003

?. Lesnes, C. Bertrand-badie, and D. Vidal, La politique étrangère de Barack Obama: la tentation du repli, pp.97-102, 2013.

?. Norrlof and C. , America's Global Advantage: U.S. Hegemony and International Cooperation, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511676406

?. Libicki and M. C. , Sub Rosa Cyber War The Virtual Battlefield: Perspectives on Cyber Warfare (pp. 53-65), pp.53-65, 2009.

?. Omelicheva, M. I. , R. K. Beasley, J. Kaarbo, J. S. Lantis et al., Russian Foreign Policy: A Quest for Great Power Status in Multipolar World, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, pp.94-117, 2013.

?. Posen and B. , Pull Back. The case for a less activist foreign policyr-posen/pull-back ? Posen B., " La maîtrise des espaces: fondement de l'hégémonie des Etats-Unis, Foreign Affairs, vol.92, issue.1, pp.41-56, 2003.

?. Posen and B. , Command of the Commons: The Military Foundation of U.S. Hegemony, International Security, vol.14, issue.2, pp.5-46, 2003.
DOI : 10.1162/016228800560309

?. Ramel and F. , Au-delà de la politique étrangère: vers l'éthique du milieu mondial, Ryoa Chung, Jean-Baptiste Vilmer, dir., L'éthique des relations internationales, pp.447-461, 2013.

M. E. Redden and M. P. Hughes, Global Commons and Domain Interrelationships: Time for a New Conceptual Framework?, Strategic forum n°259, 2010.

?. Redden, M. E. Hughes, and M. P. , Defense Planning Paradigms and the Global Commons, Joint Forces Quarterly, vol.60, 2011.

?. Rothkof and D. , De la guerre froide à la guerre cool, Courrier international, issue.6, 2013.

?. Sandler and T. , After the Cold War, Secure the Global Commons, Challenge, vol.35, issue.4, 1992.
DOI : 10.1080/05775132.1992.11471599

?. Santander and S. , Les puissances émergentes

?. Scheinmann, G. Cohen, and R. , The Myth of ???Securing the Commons???, The Washington Quarterly, vol.35, issue.1, pp.115-128, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/0163660X.2012.642789

?. Schwartz, N. A. Weitz, and R. , Air-Sea Battle Doctrine: A Discussion with the Chief of Staff of the Air Force and Chief of Naval Operation " speech, The Brookings Institution Available at the following address: http://www.brookings, China, Russia, and the Challenge to the Global Commons, pp.271-297, 2009.

?. Yan and L. , The Global Commons and the Reconstruction of US-China Military Relations, Asia Paper, vol.35, 2012.

?. Zhu and Z. , Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China, Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior, pp.118-137, 2013.