B. Appendix, Data on Pre-colonial Kingdoms District Related pre-colonial kingdomDescription Source Bondoukou Abron Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1993.

. Ki-zerbo, Porto-Novo Adjatche Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Thies Bawol Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Curtin, Abomey Dahomey Bouche, Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Adrar Emirate of Adrar Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Brakna Emirate of Brakna Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Tagant Emirate of Tagant Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Trarza Emirate of Trarza Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Koumbia Fuuta Jaalo Bouche, Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

B. Appendix, Continued District Related pre-colonial kingdomDescription Source Pita Fuuta Jaalo Bouche, Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1991.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Podor Fuuta Toro Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Bobodioulasso Gwiriko Ki-Zerbo (1978) Louga Jolof Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Tivaouane Kajoor Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Gourma Macina Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Mopti Macina Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Kouroussa Samori Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Sinesaloum Siin Salum Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Dagana Waalo Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Ki-zerbo, Curtin (1978) Ouahigouya Yatenga Coquery-Vidrovitch and Moniot, 1978.

. Acemoglu, ) use European settler mortality as an exogenous source of variation of European settlement. To use the same instrument , I need settler mortality rates at the district level. I have therefore ReferencesThe Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, American Economic Review, issue.5, pp.91-1369, 2001.

D. Acemoglu, S. Johnson, and J. A. Robinson, Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.117, issue.4, pp.1231-94, 2002.
DOI : 10.1162/003355302320935025

G. Aldashev, I. Chaara, J. Platteau, and Z. Wahhaj, The Custom in the Shadow of the Formal Law: An Economic Analysis, 2007.

P. Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present' , Translated by Christopher Braider, 1988.

A. Banerjee and L. Iyer, History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India, American Economic Review, vol.95, issue.4, pp.1190-1203, 2005.
DOI : 10.1257/0002828054825574

A. Banerjee, L. Iyer, and R. Somanathan, Public Action for Public Goods' , Handbook of Development Economics, 2008.

D. Bouche, Histoire de la colonisation française, 1991.

W. B. Cohen, Empereurs sans sceptre, histoire des administrateurs de la France d'Outre-mer et de l'Ecole coloniale, 1974.

C. Coquery-vidrovitch, A propos des investissements français outre-mer: l'exemple de l'Ouest Africain, Actes du IIe Congrès des historiens e ´conomistes français, p.426, 1910.

C. Coquery-vidrovitch and H. Moniot, Afrique Noire de 1800 a ` nos jours, 1993.

L. E. Davis and R. A. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire: The Political Economy of British Imperialism, pp.1860-1912, 1987.

P. Englebert, Pre-colonial Institutions, Post-colonial States and Economic Development in Tropical Africa, pp.1-30, 2000.

J. Feyrer and B. Sacerdote, Colonialism and Modern Income: Islands as Natural Experiments, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.91, issue.05, pp.245-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/2946696

N. Gennaioli and I. Rainer, The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.64, issue.5, pp.185-234, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10887-007-9017-z

E. L. Glaeser, R. L. Porta, F. Lopez-de-silane, and A. Shleifer, Do Institutions Cause Growth, 2004.

E. Huillery, History Matters: The Long-Term Impact of Colonial Public Investments in French West Africa, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.176-215, 2009.
DOI : 10.1257/app.1.2.176

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01052798

L. Iyer, The Long-term Impact of Colonial Rule: Evidence from India, Harvard Business School Working Paper No, pp.5-041, 2005.

J. Ki-zerbo, Histoire de l'Afrique Noire, d'Hier a ` Demain, 1978.

T. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr, Condorcet, and Other Writers, 1798.

J. Marseille, La politique métropolitaine d'investissements coloniaux dans l'entre-deux guerres, Actes du IIe Congrès des historiens e ´conomistes français, 1973.

C. Mcevedy and R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History, 1975.

R. Mitchell, D. Morrison, and J. Paden, Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook, 1989.

G. Murdock, Ethnographic Atlas Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press Structure and Change in Economic History, 1967.

N. Nunn, The Long Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.139-176, 2008.

J. Rioux, (sous la direction de) Dictionnaire de la France Coloniale, 2007.

P. Rohini and C. Udry, Institutions and Development: AView from Below Persson eds), The Proceedings of the 9th World Congress of the Econometric Society, 2005.

J. Selllier, Atlas des Peuples d'Afrique, 2003.

R. F. Stevenson, Population and Political Systems in Tropical Africa, 1968.